How and why the human mind swings from one extreme to another

Introduction. The Reversal Theory is an intriguing theory of human nature. Created by Michael Apter, Reversal Theory says that people aren't composed of permanent, never-changing traits but rather dynamic, ever-reversing states. Learn about the serious-playful scale and more👇

Static traits vs dynamic reversals: The Big 5 personality model says people have dominant traits: you're either agreeable or disagreeable. Apter argues that people actually cycle "backward and forward between two opposite states, which were alternative ways of seeing the world."

The Serious-Playful dichotomy: Are you either "motivated by long-term goals or by what is happening in the present moment?" Most people experience this "pair of opposing values" at different point in time. A human life has playful spontaneous moments mixed with serious zones.

Bell curve vs butterfly curve: The standard arousal theory says that neither too little nor too much arousal is pleasant: moderate arousal is the sweet spot. Apter rejects this bell curve theory and replaces it with a butterfly curve: both low and high arousal states can be fun.

How to enjoy a low arousal state: A low arousal state is boring or relaxing. Reversal theory says that low arousal is good when coupled with a serious mood: you can relax and work. However, when you notice relaxation becoming boredom, heed your body's signal to find stimulation.

How to enjoy a high arousal state: High arousal means either anxiety or excitement. High arousal is good when coupled with a playful mood: enjoy the adrenaline rush in a chill environment (playing/watching sports). Excitement becomes anxiety when high arousal meets seriousness.

Why we switch from one state to another: External situations, frustration, and satiation are three triggers for state reversals. An external bad news can flip the mood from playful to serious. The frustrating inability to hit a serious target makes playfulness a pleasant escape.

Thirdly, humans have an "innate dynamic for change." No matter how productive, a relaxed mood eventually turns into boredom. No matter how fun, excitement eventually loses its sheen and only a low-grade anxiety remains. We simply get satiated with one state and crave a reversal.

There are three other dichotomies in the Reversal Theory. The Conforming-Rebellious dichotomy: break free or respect boundaries? The Mastery-Sympathy dichotomy: control a situation or sympathize with the people in it? The Self-Other dichotomy: self-interest or the common good?

Bottom line: Apter writes in his book Zigzag: "We are dynamic not static, fluid not fixed, dancers not statues." Even those with a dominant style must occasionally swing to the other extreme when they experience a trigger event, frustration, or inevitable satiation.